Shiraz University Journal of Accounting Advances 2008-9988 10 2 2019 01 21 The Effects of Competition in Audit Market on Audit fee: The Role of Audit Market Size The Effects of Competition in Audit Market on Audit fee: The Role of Audit Market Size 1 30 4986 10.22099/jaa.2018.25813.1575 FA Javad Oradi MSc of Auditing, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Masshad, Iran. Farzaneh Nasirzadeh Department of Accounting, Faculty of Administrative and Economic Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Reza Hesarzadeh Associate Prof, Accounting Department, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Ferdowsi Uinversity, Mashhad, Iran Journal Article 2017 06 20 Introduction In recent years in which competition in all economic fields has been intensified and only those who have the competitive power will remain in the market, providing audit services have not been excluded from this issue. In Iran simultaneously with establishment of Association of Certified Public Accountants in 2001, audit market has experienced a significant increase in the number of audit institutes in private sector. Increasing the number of auditors leads to an increase for the client to choose among the auditors leading to an increase in the competition (Oxera, 2006). Since audit fee is one of the most important indicators for measuring of the audit quality (Blankley, Hurtt & Gregor, 2012; Lobo & Zhao, 2013; Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, 2015), there is a general concern that an increase in the competition in audit market leads to a decrease in the audit fee and consequently reduces of the audit quality. Although studies do not support these concerns (Pearson & Trompeter, 1994, Nurman & Willekens, 2012), the idea that sever competition leads to lower pricing and auditing lower than the standard has also many fans. On the other hand, in majority of the researches the size of the audit market has been ignored. Since competing with the market size has a direct relationship, previous studies have not considered an important variable. Hypotheses This study aims to investigate the effect of competition in audit market on audit fees and the role of audit market' size in mentioned relationship in listed companies of Tehran Stock Exchange. Thus, the research hypotheses are discussed as follow: H1: Competition in audit market has a significant effect on audit fee. H2: Audit market's size has a significant effect on the relationship between the competition in audit market and audit fee. Methods Thepopulation of this study isall listed companiesin Tehran Stock Exchange.133 companies and the period extending from 2007 to 2015 were selected to test the hypotheses. To provide the information of listed companies in Tehran stock exchange different resources such as information site of Tehran stock exchange were used. Concentration index is used for measuring the competition in audit market. Audit market's size is also measured by companies' assets rank in industries level. Data analysis was also performed in Stata14 software, using ordinary least squares regression (OLS). Results Research findings show that competition in audit market has a significant negative impact on audit fee. In addition, the results showed that audit market's size has a significant negative impact on the relationship between competition in audit market and audit fee. In the following, supplementary analysis results of the study showed that competition in audit market leads to reducing of the audit quality and audit market's size does not have any significant impact on the relationship between the competition in audit market and audit quality. Conclusion The first hypothesis test results showed that there is a significant negative relationship between the competition in audit market and audit fee. This result shows that when the competition in market is increased, auditors try to determine the lower pricing in order to have a larger share of the market. Examining the second hypothesis, it was observed that audit market's size has negative impact on the relation between the competition in audit market and audit fee. In other words, by increasing the audit market's size, the negative relationship between the market competition and audit fee is reduced. According to the obtained results related to reducing the audit fee and the audit quality due to the competition in audit market, drafters of the audit market regulations including Association of Certified Public Accountants and Audit Organization are recommended to pursue this issue and form the specialized committees to investigate the auditors' performance precisely in order to keep their independence, ethical competition and quality of auditing operations. Furthermore, it is recommended to the Association of Certified Public Accountants and Audit Organization to reduce the breaking rate probability by determining appropriate mechanisms. Introduction In recent years in which competition in all economic fields has been intensified and only those who have the competitive power will remain in the market, providing audit services have not been excluded from this issue. In Iran simultaneously with establishment of Association of Certified Public Accountants in 2001, audit market has experienced a significant increase in the number of audit institutes in private sector. Increasing the number of auditors leads to an increase for the client to choose among the auditors leading to an increase in the competition (Oxera, 2006). Since audit fee is one of the most important indicators for measuring of the audit quality (Blankley, Hurtt & Gregor, 2012; Lobo & Zhao, 2013; Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, 2015), there is a general concern that an increase in the competition in audit market leads to a decrease in the audit fee and consequently reduces of the audit quality. Although studies do not support these concerns (Pearson & Trompeter, 1994, Nurman & Willekens, 2012), the idea that sever competition leads to lower pricing and auditing lower than the standard has also many fans. On the other hand, in majority of the researches the size of the audit market has been ignored. Since competing with the market size has a direct relationship, previous studies have not considered an important variable. Hypotheses This study aims to investigate the effect of competition in audit market on audit fees and the role of audit market' size in mentioned relationship in listed companies of Tehran Stock Exchange. Thus, the research hypotheses are discussed as follow: H1: Competition in audit market has a significant effect on audit fee. H2: Audit market's size has a significant effect on the relationship between the competition in audit market and audit fee. Methods Thepopulation of this study isall listed companiesin Tehran Stock Exchange.133 companies and the period extending from 2007 to 2015 were selected to test the hypotheses. To provide the information of listed companies in Tehran stock exchange different resources such as information site of Tehran stock exchange were used. Concentration index is used for measuring the competition in audit market. Audit market's size is also measured by companies' assets rank in industries level. Data analysis was also performed in Stata14 software, using ordinary least squares regression (OLS). Results Research findings show that competition in audit market has a significant negative impact on audit fee. In addition, the results showed that audit market's size has a significant negative impact on the relationship between competition in audit market and audit fee. In the following, supplementary analysis results of the study showed that competition in audit market leads to reducing of the audit quality and audit market's size does not have any significant impact on the relationship between the competition in audit market and audit quality. Conclusion The first hypothesis test results showed that there is a significant negative relationship between the competition in audit market and audit fee. This result shows that when the competition in market is increased, auditors try to determine the lower pricing in order to have a larger share of the market. Examining the second hypothesis, it was observed that audit market's size has negative impact on the relation between the competition in audit market and audit fee. In other words, by increasing the audit market's size, the negative relationship between the market competition and audit fee is reduced. According to the obtained results related to reducing the audit fee and the audit quality due to the competition in audit market, drafters of the audit market regulations including Association of Certified Public Accountants and Audit Organization are recommended to pursue this issue and form the specialized committees to investigate the auditors' performance precisely in order to keep their independence, ethical competition and quality of auditing operations. Furthermore, it is recommended to the Association of Certified Public Accountants and Audit Organization to reduce the breaking rate probability by determining appropriate mechanisms.

https://jaa.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4986_0966bf822a1dc1816b271e1cab2c27e3.pdf

Shiraz University Journal of Accounting Advances 2008-9988 10 2 2019 01 21 The Impact of Financial Reporting Quality on Interaction between Agency Costs and Speed of Adjustment of Stock Price The Impact of Financial Reporting Quality on Interaction between Agency Costs and Speed of Adjustment of Stock Price 31 62 5040 10.22099/jaa.2018.30097.1726 FA Younes Badavar Nahandi Department of accounting, Tabriz branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Asgar Pakmarm Bonab Univercity Ghodrat Ghaderi PhD Student., Faculty of Management-Department of Accounting, Islamic Azad University, Bonab, Iran Journal Article 2018 07 11 Introduction The influence of information on prices is at the core of the market. This means that, as soon as new information is released, instantaneous and real-time reaction is created, changing prices in this way. In the financial literature, it is believed that low quality of information is economically costly and delays the stock price adjustment process. Delay in price adjustment is risky for the buyer and seller, and this risk is due to the lack of full reflection on the price information. Full and immediate reflection of the information may have a negative or positive effect on the stock price (Kalen & et al. 2012). The aim of this study is to examine the effect of financial reporting quality on the interaction between agency costs and speed of adjustment of stock price. Hypothesis The agency costs of eight indicators of Pantzalys & Park (2013), and the speed of adjustment of stock price by the Hue & Muskwitzen (2005) method were used. Thus research hypotheses developed as follows: H1. Agency costs have an impact on the speed of adjustment of stock price. H2. Financial reporting quality have an impact on the interaction between agency costs and the speed of adjustment of stock price. Methods The samples of this study are the companies listed on the TSE. The approached data for this study were the years 2009 to 2017. The method of research is correlation and causal. The test method hypotheses are correlation test and regression. Results The results of this study showed that the agency costs have a negative and significant effect on the speed of adjustment of stock price, and there is no evidence of the moderating role of financial reporting quality in the interaction between the agency costs and the speed of adjustment of stock price. Conclusion It can be deduced that companies that have the phenomenon of information asymmetry and hence higher agency costs have less speed of adjustment of stock price. The results of the research indicate that the financial reporting quality of companies do not weaken the relationship between the agency costs and the speed of adjustment of stock price. Therefore, theoretical foundations are not consistent with the results of this hypothesis. According to the results of this hypothesis, in the Iranian capital market, financial reporting quality does not modify the relationship between agency costs and the speed of adjustment of stock price. Introduction The influence of information on prices is at the core of the market. This means that, as soon as new information is released, instantaneous and real-time reaction is created, changing prices in this way. In the financial literature, it is believed that low quality of information is economically costly and delays the stock price adjustment process. Delay in price adjustment is risky for the buyer and seller, and this risk is due to the lack of full reflection on the price information. Full and immediate reflection of the information may have a negative or positive effect on the stock price (Kalen & et al. 2012). The aim of this study is to examine the effect of financial reporting quality on the interaction between agency costs and speed of adjustment of stock price. Hypothesis The agency costs of eight indicators of Pantzalys & Park (2013), and the speed of adjustment of stock price by the Hue & Muskwitzen (2005) method were used. Thus research hypotheses developed as follows: H1. Agency costs have an impact on the speed of adjustment of stock price. H2. Financial reporting quality have an impact on the interaction between agency costs and the speed of adjustment of stock price. Methods The samples of this study are the companies listed on the TSE. The approached data for this study were the years 2009 to 2017. The method of research is correlation and causal. The test method hypotheses are correlation test and regression. Results The results of this study showed that the agency costs have a negative and significant effect on the speed of adjustment of stock price, and there is no evidence of the moderating role of financial reporting quality in the interaction between the agency costs and the speed of adjustment of stock price. Conclusion It can be deduced that companies that have the phenomenon of information asymmetry and hence higher agency costs have less speed of adjustment of stock price. The results of the research indicate that the financial reporting quality of companies do not weaken the relationship between the agency costs and the speed of adjustment of stock price. Therefore, theoretical foundations are not consistent with the results of this hypothesis. According to the results of this hypothesis, in the Iranian capital market, financial reporting quality does not modify the relationship between agency costs and the speed of adjustment of stock price.

https://jaa.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5040_f406aba437abc7f1fc2444d1862ba586.pdf

Shiraz University Journal of Accounting Advances 2008-9988 10 2 2019 01 21 The moderating effect of the type of firms’ ultimate ownership on the relationship between dividends and earnings quality The moderating effect of the type of firms’ ultimate ownership on the relationship between dividends and earnings quality 63 100 5170 10.22099/jaa.2018.25122.1531 FA Mahdi Baharmoghaddam Associate Professor of Accounting, Shahid Bahonar University, kerman, Iran Hossein Jokar MSc. accounting, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. Noorollahr Salehi Asistant Professor of economic, Shahid Bahonar University, kerman, Iran Journal Article 1970 01 01 Introduction Building on the prior literature, this research argues that since dividends are supported by a more stable cash flow and reduce free cash flow, as well as provide corroborative evidence to investors, dividend-paying firms have higher earnings quality than non-dividend paying firms, indicated by more persistent earnings, lower discretionary accruals, and greater earnings' informativeness (Deng, Li and Liao, 2017). Besides the basic association between dividends and earnings quality, Iran’s firms also have another special feature in that firms have different ultimate owners. Government or private ownership will also affect the association between dividend payouts and earnings quality. For instance, Anderson, Chi, Ingram, and Liang (2011) show that state shareholders prefer cash dividends to stock dividends. Firms owned by the government tend to pay more dividends, which is an instrument employed by controlling shareholders for tunneling (Chen, Jian, & Xu, 2009; Chou, Chen, & Huang, 2010). More specifically, the objective of this study is to investigate the modifying effect of the type of companies’ final ownership on the relationship between dividends and earnings quality. Hypotheses To achieve the objective of this research, the present study has two hypotheses. H1: Dividend has a significant impact on the earnings quality. H2: Type of ultimate ownership has a moderating effect on the relationship between dividends and earnings quality. Methods The present research is conducted following a quasi-experimental research design. Statistical population of this research includes the firms accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange. The study period is between the years 2009 to 2016 and 90 companies were investigated. In order to analyze the hypothesis, linear regression and t-test have been used. The collected data was calculated using the Excel software and was analyzed by Eviews 9 and Stat14. Result The research results showed that in companies where dividends are paid, dividends are associated with more persistent earnings, higher accrual quality, and greater earnings' informativeness, and the hypothesis of dividend information content can be confirmed for Iranian companies. But the type of ownership of companies can affect the severity of this relationship. Further analyses show that the relationship between dividends and earnings quality could change with type of ownership. We find evidence that the state ownership can reduce the information-conveying role of dividends. Discussion and Conclusion Several studies in Tehran Stock Exchange have examined the effect of dividends on earnings quality, but few studies have been conducted to examine the effect of dividends on earnings quality when the type of companies’ ownership is different. So, the purpose of this paper is investigating the moderating effect of the type of firms’ ultimate ownership on the relationship between dividends and earnings quality. We further investigate whether the relation between dividend payouts and earnings quality could change with different ultimate ownership. The empirical result show that the ownership has power to affect such an association. Firms with state ownership might use dividend to transfer resources out of the firms, so dividends of these firms have less information content to predict current earnings. Introduction Building on the prior literature, this research argues that since dividends are supported by a more stable cash flow and reduce free cash flow, as well as provide corroborative evidence to investors, dividend-paying firms have higher earnings quality than non-dividend paying firms, indicated by more persistent earnings, lower discretionary accruals, and greater earnings' informativeness (Deng, Li and Liao, 2017). Besides the basic association between dividends and earnings quality, Iran’s firms also have another special feature in that firms have different ultimate owners. Government or private ownership will also affect the association between dividend payouts and earnings quality. For instance, Anderson, Chi, Ingram, and Liang (2011) show that state shareholders prefer cash dividends to stock dividends. Firms owned by the government tend to pay more dividends, which is an instrument employed by controlling shareholders for tunneling (Chen, Jian, & Xu, 2009; Chou, Chen, & Huang, 2010). More specifically, the objective of this study is to investigate the modifying effect of the type of companies’ final ownership on the relationship between dividends and earnings quality. Hypotheses To achieve the objective of this research, the present study has two hypotheses. H1: Dividend has a significant impact on the earnings quality. H2: Type of ultimate ownership has a moderating effect on the relationship between dividends and earnings quality. Methods The present research is conducted following a quasi-experimental research design. Statistical population of this research includes the firms accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange. The study period is between the years 2009 to 2016 and 90 companies were investigated. In order to analyze the hypothesis, linear regression and t-test have been used. The collected data was calculated using the Excel software and was analyzed by Eviews 9 and Stat14. Result The research results showed that in companies where dividends are paid, dividends are associated with more persistent earnings, higher accrual quality, and greater earnings' informativeness, and the hypothesis of dividend information content can be confirmed for Iranian companies. But the type of ownership of companies can affect the severity of this relationship. Further analyses show that the relationship between dividends and earnings quality could change with type of ownership. We find evidence that the state ownership can reduce the information-conveying role of dividends. Discussion and Conclusion Several studies in Tehran Stock Exchange have examined the effect of dividends on earnings quality, but few studies have been conducted to examine the effect of dividends on earnings quality when the type of companies’ ownership is different. So, the purpose of this paper is investigating the moderating effect of the type of firms’ ultimate ownership on the relationship between dividends and earnings quality. We further investigate whether the relation between dividend payouts and earnings quality could change with different ultimate ownership. The empirical result show that the ownership has power to affect such an association. Firms with state ownership might use dividend to transfer resources out of the firms, so dividends of these firms have less information content to predict current earnings.

https://jaa.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5170_f237a2989661aabea5cee7ad7ea856f8.pdf

Shiraz University Journal of Accounting Advances 2008-9988 10 2 2019 01 21 The investigation of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure impact on cash holding by idiosyncratic risk and systematic risk in companies Listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange The investigation of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure impact on cash holding by idiosyncratic risk and systematic risk in companies Listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange 101 136 5169 10.22099/jaa.2018.26965.1620 FA Reza Jamei Benyamin Azizi Journal Article 2017 10 24 ABSTRACT Cash inventories are an important part of a business's assets and they have always attracted the attention of various researchers. In this study, the effect of corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD) on the level of cash holding of companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange has been investigated, and two communication channels of special risk and systematic risk have been considered to explain how the independent variable affects the dependent variable. In order to achieve the research goal, 122 companies have been selected from the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2009 to 2016 by a systematic elimination sampling method. The research findings showed that the corporate social responsibility disclosure has a positive and significant effect on the level of cash holding. The results also showed that an increase in the corporate social responsibility disclosure does reduce the specific risk 1- Introduction We identify two channels and the corresponding mechanisms through which corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD) may affect corporate cash holdings. CSR firms are expected to have relatively low cash holdings because they tend to have low idiosyncratic risk due to their higher social capital with stakeholders. CSR firms also tend to have low systematic risk due to greater loyalty from CSR investors and/or customers. The lower systematic risk may increase or decrease cash holdings. Although low systematic risk induces firms to reduce their cash holdings, it also induces firms to hold a short debt maturity structure, with higher refinancing risks that higher cash holdings may mitigate. 2- Hypotheses While the determinants of corporate cash holdings have been widely studied in the literature, the direct relationship between corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD) and corporate cash holdings remains largely unexplored. We fill this gap by examining whether and how CSR relates to corporate cash holdings. In particular, we identify and test two channels through which CSRD may explain cash holdings. Thus, research hypotheses developed as follows: H1: Corporate social responsibilities disclosure impact on companies' cash holding by influencing on idiosyncratic risk. H2: Corporate social responsibilities disclosure impact on companies' cash holding by influencing on systematic risk. 3- Methods To test the research hypotheses, we specify the following empirical model: The model consists of four equations. Equation (1) describes how the idiosyncratic risk (Idio) channel, the systematic risk (Beta) channel to determine corporate cash holdings (cash). The presence of corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD) in equation (1) allows for the possibility that CSRD may have a direct effect on corporate cash holdings. Equations (2) and (3) describe how CSRD affects the idiosyncratic risk channel (Equation (2)) and the systematic risk channel (Equation (3)), respectively. In this model, idiosyncratic risk and systematic risk, are the channels through which CSRD affects cash holdings indirectly. Note that the control variables may overlap with each other in these three equations. As for estimation we use the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Two-Stage Least Squares (TSLS) methods (i.e., Equations (1) to (4)) as a simultaneous equations model. 4- Results The results reported in Table (8) and (9) show that corporate cash holdings are related positively (and statistically significantly) to idiosyncratic risk while they are related negatively (and statistically significantly) to systematic risk, confirming the results of Bates et al. (2009) and Acharya et al. (2013). Consistent with Luo and Bhattacharya (2009) and Albuquerque et al. (2014), it reveals that CSRD is negatively related to idiosyncratic risk and systematic risk. 5- Discussion and Conclusion This study examines whether and how corporate social responsibility disclosure affects corporate cash holdings. In particular, it examines two channels through which corporate social responsibility affects cash holdings. The first channel argues that CSR-related activities can build up the social (or moral) capital of firms because they enhance good relationships with stakeholders. Firms can use the social (or moral) capital to weather bad times and reduce the need to hold excessive cash. The second channel posits that price-inelastic demand due to customer loyalty and/or investor loyalty to CSR firms makes these firms less sensitive to aggregate market shocks (i.e., lowers the systematic risk), and this may increase or decrease the cash holdings. On the one hand, the need for cash hoarding may decrease because of lower systematic risk; on the other hand, the need may increase because firms with lower systematic risk tend to have a shorter debt maturity structure and, thus, a higher refinancing risk. Using 122 firms with 976 firm-year observations over the period 1388-1395, we find that CSRD is correlated with corporate cash holdings significantly and positively. Also, the findings of the study show that there is a significant relationship between corporate social responsibility disclosure and cash holding through mediator variables of idiosyncratic risk and systematic risk. ABSTRACT Cash inventories are an important part of a business's assets and they have always attracted the attention of various researchers. In this study, the effect of corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD) on the level of cash holding of companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange has been investigated, and two communication channels of special risk and systematic risk have been considered to explain how the independent variable affects the dependent variable. In order to achieve the research goal, 122 companies have been selected from the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2009 to 2016 by a systematic elimination sampling method. The research findings showed that the corporate social responsibility disclosure has a positive and significant effect on the level of cash holding. The results also showed that an increase in the corporate social responsibility disclosure does reduce the specific risk 1- Introduction We identify two channels and the corresponding mechanisms through which corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD) may affect corporate cash holdings. CSR firms are expected to have relatively low cash holdings because they tend to have low idiosyncratic risk due to their higher social capital with stakeholders. CSR firms also tend to have low systematic risk due to greater loyalty from CSR investors and/or customers. The lower systematic risk may increase or decrease cash holdings. Although low systematic risk induces firms to reduce their cash holdings, it also induces firms to hold a short debt maturity structure, with higher refinancing risks that higher cash holdings may mitigate. 2- Hypotheses While the determinants of corporate cash holdings have been widely studied in the literature, the direct relationship between corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD) and corporate cash holdings remains largely unexplored. We fill this gap by examining whether and how CSR relates to corporate cash holdings. In particular, we identify and test two channels through which CSRD may explain cash holdings. Thus, research hypotheses developed as follows: H1: Corporate social responsibilities disclosure impact on companies' cash holding by influencing on idiosyncratic risk. H2: Corporate social responsibilities disclosure impact on companies' cash holding by influencing on systematic risk. 3- Methods To test the research hypotheses, we specify the following empirical model: The model consists of four equations. Equation (1) describes how the idiosyncratic risk (Idio) channel, the systematic risk (Beta) channel to determine corporate cash holdings (cash). The presence of corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD) in equation (1) allows for the possibility that CSRD may have a direct effect on corporate cash holdings. Equations (2) and (3) describe how CSRD affects the idiosyncratic risk channel (Equation (2)) and the systematic risk channel (Equation (3)), respectively. In this model, idiosyncratic risk and systematic risk, are the channels through which CSRD affects cash holdings indirectly. Note that the control variables may overlap with each other in these three equations. As for estimation we use the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Two-Stage Least Squares (TSLS) methods (i.e., Equations (1) to (4)) as a simultaneous equations model. 4- Results The results reported in Table (8) and (9) show that corporate cash holdings are related positively (and statistically significantly) to idiosyncratic risk while they are related negatively (and statistically significantly) to systematic risk, confirming the results of Bates et al. (2009) and Acharya et al. (2013). Consistent with Luo and Bhattacharya (2009) and Albuquerque et al. (2014), it reveals that CSRD is negatively related to idiosyncratic risk and systematic risk. 5- Discussion and Conclusion This study examines whether and how corporate social responsibility disclosure affects corporate cash holdings. In particular, it examines two channels through which corporate social responsibility affects cash holdings. The first channel argues that CSR-related activities can build up the social (or moral) capital of firms because they enhance good relationships with stakeholders. Firms can use the social (or moral) capital to weather bad times and reduce the need to hold excessive cash. The second channel posits that price-inelastic demand due to customer loyalty and/or investor loyalty to CSR firms makes these firms less sensitive to aggregate market shocks (i.e., lowers the systematic risk), and this may increase or decrease the cash holdings. On the one hand, the need for cash hoarding may decrease because of lower systematic risk; on the other hand, the need may increase because firms with lower systematic risk tend to have a shorter debt maturity structure and, thus, a higher refinancing risk. Using 122 firms with 976 firm-year observations over the period 1388-1395, we find that CSRD is correlated with corporate cash holdings significantly and positively. Also, the findings of the study show that there is a significant relationship between corporate social responsibility disclosure and cash holding through mediator variables of idiosyncratic risk and systematic risk.

https://jaa.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5169_25061106d4dbbf8ece7efcae34477994.pdf

Shiraz University Journal of Accounting Advances 2008-9988 10 2 2019 01 21 The Role of Intellectual Capital in Financial Distress Prediction The Role of Intellectual Capital in Financial Distress Prediction 137 165 5046 10.22099/jaa.2018.29323.1706 FA Shokrollah Khajavi Mohammad Hossein Ghadirian Arani Journal Article 2018 05 08 Introduction Today, with the increasing competition in business, the possibility of failure has increased. Due to the increase in the competition and also the growing importance of intangible assets, the importance of intellectual capital increases more than before. Accordingly, it is expected that lack of sufficient attention to the intellectual capital causes removal of companies from the competition and becoming bankrupt. In other words, intellectual capital can create competitive advantage and be a factor for success in business and better financial performance; accordingly, it can prevent financial distress in competitive market and knowledge based economy. The Iraninan financial distress literature shows a high number of financial distress prediction models that are generally based on financial ratio, but not on the nonfiancial causes of failure. In fact, despite the importance of intangible assets in the success and failure of companies, these studies ignore the inﬂuence of these nonﬁnancial factors. Our research attempts to ﬁll the gap described above. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the contribution of intellectual capital and its components as proxies of intangible asset in financial distress prediction. Research Hypotheses Based on the preceding theoretical framework regarding the role of intellectual capital and its components in financial distress prediction, research hypotheses were developed as follows: H1: Including intellectual capital in financial distress models improves their predictive ability. H2: Including components of intellectual capital in financial distress models improves their predictive ability. Methods Our study is a quantitative research that uses the scientific method and empirical evidence. The empirical data was collected from listed companies in the Tehran Stock Exchange, over the ten-year period of 2006 to 2015. Ensemble classifiers (Boosting and Bagging) were used as prediction methods for constructing financial distress prediction models. In order to test hypotheses, the accuracy of financial ratio–based models, and models utilizing both financial ratio and intangible assets measures (value added intellectual coefficient, human capital efficiency coefficient, and structural capital efficiency coefficient) was compared by using data of a sample of 200 financially distressed firm-years and 200 non-distressed firm-years. Results The major results of this study show that the accuracy of combined models is significantly more than financial ratio-based models in the both Boosting and Bagging methods. That is, intangible assets proxies improve the ability of financial ratio-based models to predict financial distress. Also, the findings of present study reveal that the more the space between prediction years and financial distress occurrence, the more the effect of intangible assets measures on accuracy of financial distress prediction models. Discussion and Conclusion Findings of the study support our conceptual framework about the effect of intellectual capital and its components on performance of financial distress models. That is, these findings imply that intangible assets (intellectual capital, human capital, and structural capital) are indeed valuable for financial distress prediction, so that adding these variables to financial based models improves their performance in predicting financial distress. Also, our findings are consistent with the resource-based view, transaction cost theory, and empirical evidence on the role of intellectual capital, human capital, and structural capital in the business success. In sum, based on these findings, it can be concluded that intellectual capital and its components (human and structural capital) play an important role by improving the performance in preventing the financial distress. Introduction Today, with the increasing competition in business, the possibility of failure has increased. Due to the increase in the competition and also the growing importance of intangible assets, the importance of intellectual capital increases more than before. Accordingly, it is expected that lack of sufficient attention to the intellectual capital causes removal of companies from the competition and becoming bankrupt. In other words, intellectual capital can create competitive advantage and be a factor for success in business and better financial performance; accordingly, it can prevent financial distress in competitive market and knowledge based economy. The Iraninan financial distress literature shows a high number of financial distress prediction models that are generally based on financial ratio, but not on the nonfiancial causes of failure. In fact, despite the importance of intangible assets in the success and failure of companies, these studies ignore the inﬂuence of these nonﬁnancial factors. Our research attempts to ﬁll the gap described above. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the contribution of intellectual capital and its components as proxies of intangible asset in financial distress prediction. Research Hypotheses Based on the preceding theoretical framework regarding the role of intellectual capital and its components in financial distress prediction, research hypotheses were developed as follows: H1: Including intellectual capital in financial distress models improves their predictive ability. H2: Including components of intellectual capital in financial distress models improves their predictive ability. Methods Our study is a quantitative research that uses the scientific method and empirical evidence. The empirical data was collected from listed companies in the Tehran Stock Exchange, over the ten-year period of 2006 to 2015. Ensemble classifiers (Boosting and Bagging) were used as prediction methods for constructing financial distress prediction models. In order to test hypotheses, the accuracy of financial ratio–based models, and models utilizing both financial ratio and intangible assets measures (value added intellectual coefficient, human capital efficiency coefficient, and structural capital efficiency coefficient) was compared by using data of a sample of 200 financially distressed firm-years and 200 non-distressed firm-years. Results The major results of this study show that the accuracy of combined models is significantly more than financial ratio-based models in the both Boosting and Bagging methods. That is, intangible assets proxies improve the ability of financial ratio-based models to predict financial distress. Also, the findings of present study reveal that the more the space between prediction years and financial distress occurrence, the more the effect of intangible assets measures on accuracy of financial distress prediction models. Discussion and Conclusion Findings of the study support our conceptual framework about the effect of intellectual capital and its components on performance of financial distress models. That is, these findings imply that intangible assets (intellectual capital, human capital, and structural capital) are indeed valuable for financial distress prediction, so that adding these variables to financial based models improves their performance in predicting financial distress. Also, our findings are consistent with the resource-based view, transaction cost theory, and empirical evidence on the role of intellectual capital, human capital, and structural capital in the business success. In sum, based on these findings, it can be concluded that intellectual capital and its components (human and structural capital) play an important role by improving the performance in preventing the financial distress.

https://jaa.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5046_18a797bfdc945281e5f7bd02ed574788.pdf

Shiraz University Journal of Accounting Advances 2008-9988 10 2 2019 01 21 The impact of Manager Optimism on prices Synchronization in TSE The impact of Manager Optimism on prices Synchronization in TSE 167 192 4989 10.22099/jaa.2018.27480.1649 FA Iman Dadashi babol university Mahmood Yahyazadefar mazandaran Abbas Shamekhi rah danesh Journal Article 2017 11 26 Introduction Optimism is behavioral bias that prevents managers from properly evaluating their company. The literature shows that the information transparency is affected by this managerial behavioral characteristic and the stock price synchronicity will increase. Stock price synchronicity is a relative measure of company specific information in comparison with market and industry data that is reflected in stock prices; therefore, it is inverse to transparency. This study aimed to investigate the effect of managerial optimism on stock price synchronicity. For this purpose, managerial optimism has been measured based on three criteria including: accuracy of profit prediction by managers, surplus of capital expenditures and the remainder of the company’s growth model. Piotroski & Roulstone's model (2005) has been used to measure the stock price synchronicity. Research Hypothesis This study is aimed at examining the effect of managerial optimism on stock price synchronicity. Based on the developments of the literature, one hypothesis is developed. The hypothesis is stated: The managerial optimism have positive impact on stock price synchronicity. Methods This research is categorized as empirical and descriptive-correlation study. To obtain research results via referred variables in last section, a multivariate regression and panel model has been used. The data required for the research were gathered from 112 companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange during a 7-year period from 2011 to 2017. The STATA 14.1 package are utilized to run the analysis. Results The results of testing the research hypothesis suggest that managerial optimism influences positively and significantly on stock price synchronicity based on surplus of capital expenditures indicator for measuring it. No significant effect was observed on the other two proxies (accuracy of profit prediction by managers and the remainder of the company’s growth model). Discussion and Conclusion Recent studies in accounting investigate the impact of managerial optimism on corporate investment, financing, and dividend policies, as well as managerial forecasts and financial misreporting. This research contributes to this literature by providing evidence on the effects of managerial optimism on stock price synchronicity. The findings show that managerial optimism hasba significant positive impact on stock price synchronicity. In other words, managerial optimism decreases information quality and transparency. As optimistic managers overestimate future returns from their firms’ projects; overvalue their firms’ projects and equity; and invest in negative NPV projects mistakenly perceiving them to be positive NPV investments, it is predictable that optimism and price synchronicity will be positively related. Introduction Optimism is behavioral bias that prevents managers from properly evaluating their company. The literature shows that the information transparency is affected by this managerial behavioral characteristic and the stock price synchronicity will increase. Stock price synchronicity is a relative measure of company specific information in comparison with market and industry data that is reflected in stock prices; therefore, it is inverse to transparency. This study aimed to investigate the effect of managerial optimism on stock price synchronicity. For this purpose, managerial optimism has been measured based on three criteria including: accuracy of profit prediction by managers, surplus of capital expenditures and the remainder of the company’s growth model. Piotroski & Roulstone's model (2005) has been used to measure the stock price synchronicity. Research Hypothesis This study is aimed at examining the effect of managerial optimism on stock price synchronicity. Based on the developments of the literature, one hypothesis is developed. The hypothesis is stated: The managerial optimism have positive impact on stock price synchronicity. Methods This research is categorized as empirical and descriptive-correlation study. To obtain research results via referred variables in last section, a multivariate regression and panel model has been used. The data required for the research were gathered from 112 companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange during a 7-year period from 2011 to 2017. The STATA 14.1 package are utilized to run the analysis. Results The results of testing the research hypothesis suggest that managerial optimism influences positively and significantly on stock price synchronicity based on surplus of capital expenditures indicator for measuring it. No significant effect was observed on the other two proxies (accuracy of profit prediction by managers and the remainder of the company’s growth model). Discussion and Conclusion Recent studies in accounting investigate the impact of managerial optimism on corporate investment, financing, and dividend policies, as well as managerial forecasts and financial misreporting. This research contributes to this literature by providing evidence on the effects of managerial optimism on stock price synchronicity. The findings show that managerial optimism hasba significant positive impact on stock price synchronicity. In other words, managerial optimism decreases information quality and transparency. As optimistic managers overestimate future returns from their firms’ projects; overvalue their firms’ projects and equity; and invest in negative NPV projects mistakenly perceiving them to be positive NPV investments, it is predictable that optimism and price synchronicity will be positively related.

https://jaa.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4989_7bf9a00ed5ffc5da62ac9061a3589b90.pdf

Shiraz University Journal of Accounting Advances 2008-9988 10 2 2019 01 21 Relationship Between Ownership Structure and Financial Performance on Corporate Tax Policy Investigation: Evidences from Firms Listed on Tehran Stock Exchange Relationship Between Ownership Structure and Financial Performance on Corporate Tax Policy Investigation: Evidences from Firms Listed on Tehran Stock Exchange 193 220 5171 10.22099/jaa.2018.26574.1608 FA GholamReza Karami Department of Accounting, Faculty of Management< University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Alireza Shahabi Journal Article 2017 09 04 Introduction Organizational factors affect organizational reporting and performance as well. Tax policy making has been a challenging issue for stock holders. Different types of ownership call for different reporting Policy. Therefore, firms with institutional owners along with firms in presence of governmental owners are in different position of tax planning. There are two types of tax policy over the literature, aggressive policy and conservative policy. In this research impact of ownership structure and firm performance on tax policy making is going to be studied. Hypotheses The aim of the study is to examine the effects of ownership structure and firm performance on tax planning among Iranian public listed firms. Hence based on the literature, the hypotheses are developed as follows: H1. Ownership structure affects tax policy in Iranian public listed firms. H1 a. institutional ownership affects tax policy in Iranian public listed firms. H1 b. Governmental ownership affects tax policy in Iranian public listed firms. H2. Firm performance affects tax policy in Iranian public listed firms. H2 a. Sale growth affects tax policy in Iranian public listed firms. H2 b. Return on assets affects tax policy in Iranian public listed firms. Methods All the firms listed on Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) over 2010 to 2014 are statistical population in this research. Sample was selected based on the following criteria: - Firm should be accepted on TSE before ending 2009. - Fiscal year ends on March 20 every year. - Research data of the firm is available. - Firm is not listed as financial institutes. Based on the above criteria 137 firms i.e. 685 firm-year was selected. Data was gathered from financial statements or other types of firms’ disclosure. Research type is correlation and research data regression model is used for analysis. Results Results show a meaningful relation between the presence of governmental and institutional owners and tax policy. This relation is positive for institutional owners while it is negative for those of governmental owners. In other word, governmental owners push the firm to have more aggressive tax policy. Thus, the more the governmental owners a firm has, the more aggressive tax policy it will make. Firm performance and financial leverage has no relation i.e. on tax policy making. Conclusion This research studied the relationship between ownership structure and firm performance with tax policy making among public listed firms on TSE. Results illustrates that firms with more institutional and governmental ownership try to reduce their taxes using an aggressive tax policy. This may ruin economic transparency and call the government to plan for better privatization program. Other findings illustrate better firm performance has no meaningful relation with firms’ tax policy making. Other findings indicate large firms make more aggressive tax policies. Introduction Organizational factors affect organizational reporting and performance as well. Tax policy making has been a challenging issue for stock holders. Different types of ownership call for different reporting Policy. Therefore, firms with institutional owners along with firms in presence of governmental owners are in different position of tax planning. There are two types of tax policy over the literature, aggressive policy and conservative policy. In this research impact of ownership structure and firm performance on tax policy making is going to be studied. Hypotheses The aim of the study is to examine the effects of ownership structure and firm performance on tax planning among Iranian public listed firms. Hence based on the literature, the hypotheses are developed as follows: H1. Ownership structure affects tax policy in Iranian public listed firms. H1 a. institutional ownership affects tax policy in Iranian public listed firms. H1 b. Governmental ownership affects tax policy in Iranian public listed firms. H2. Firm performance affects tax policy in Iranian public listed firms. H2 a. Sale growth affects tax policy in Iranian public listed firms. H2 b. Return on assets affects tax policy in Iranian public listed firms. Methods All the firms listed on Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) over 2010 to 2014 are statistical population in this research. Sample was selected based on the following criteria: - Firm should be accepted on TSE before ending 2009. - Fiscal year ends on March 20 every year. - Research data of the firm is available. - Firm is not listed as financial institutes. Based on the above criteria 137 firms i.e. 685 firm-year was selected. Data was gathered from financial statements or other types of firms’ disclosure. Research type is correlation and research data regression model is used for analysis. Results Results show a meaningful relation between the presence of governmental and institutional owners and tax policy. This relation is positive for institutional owners while it is negative for those of governmental owners. In other word, governmental owners push the firm to have more aggressive tax policy. Thus, the more the governmental owners a firm has, the more aggressive tax policy it will make. Firm performance and financial leverage has no relation i.e. on tax policy making. Conclusion This research studied the relationship between ownership structure and firm performance with tax policy making among public listed firms on TSE. Results illustrates that firms with more institutional and governmental ownership try to reduce their taxes using an aggressive tax policy. This may ruin economic transparency and call the government to plan for better privatization program. Other findings illustrate better firm performance has no meaningful relation with firms’ tax policy making. Other findings indicate large firms make more aggressive tax policies.

https://jaa.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5171_610ed78255c0494e91073614943c8ef7.pdf

Shiraz University Journal of Accounting Advances 2008-9988 10 2 2019 01 21 Jump and consistency of the abnormal audit fee and financial reporting quality Jump and consistency of the abnormal audit fee and financial reporting quality 221 250 4991 10.22099/jaa.2018.28699.1682 FA Hossein Fakhari 0000-0003-4192-6582 Hadi Ghorbani phd student of accounting at the university of Mazandaran Mohammad Ali Rajab Beyki phd student of accounting at the tehran university Journal Article 2018 03 04 Introduction The main purpose of financial reporting is providing financial transaction and event economic consequence on the financial position and performance. This information can help financial users in decision making about business entity, but because of asymmetric information between manager and stockholder also the existence of the conflict of interest between them, it is possible the reliability of financial information to become problematic. In order to solve this problem, auditing is tools that make a financial statement to be reliable and enhance the quality of financial information. Defond and jiang (2016) believe that abnormal audit fee indicates the extra future effort of auditor which may increase the quality of accounting information. Also, it can indicate future litigation risks that relate to the low quality of accounting information. Literature review shows there are different findings about the relationship between abnormal audit fee and financial reporting quality; therefore, this research intend to investigate about the relationship between abnormal audit fee and financial reporting quality in detail in the emergency market like Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE(. Hypotheses According to confirmation theory and audit fee pressure theory, we expect there is a relationship between abnormal audit fee and financial reporting quality. Thus, the research hypothesis is as follow: H1: jump in abnormal audit fee has significant effect on financial reporting quality. H2: long-term abnormal audit fee has significant effect on financial reporting quality. Method A good research plan is acquired for an answer to the research question and test of hypothesis so for this purpose, we use a panel data analysis method by estimating ordinary least square model based on a sample of 86 non-financial companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period 2008-2016. For analyzing data, we use Eviews and Stata software. For testing of our research hypothesis, we use of clton and.. (2016) models which is: Results The research finding shows there is a positive and significant effect of jump at abnormal audit fee on financial reporting quality. Moreover, results show long-term abnormal audit fee has a positive and significant effect on financial reporting quality. Discussion and Conclusion The main purpose of this research is investigation of the effect of the abnormal audit fee on the financial reporting quality. The main theory of this effect is based on confirmation and audit fee pressure theory. Our findings show that in the companies with the high abnormal audit fee the quality of financial reporting is increased. Jump of abnormal audit fee has effect on the financial reporting quality. These findings consist of the other research as Blankly et al (2012) and lobo and zhao (2013). Introduction The main purpose of financial reporting is providing financial transaction and event economic consequence on the financial position and performance. This information can help financial users in decision making about business entity, but because of asymmetric information between manager and stockholder also the existence of the conflict of interest between them, it is possible the reliability of financial information to become problematic. In order to solve this problem, auditing is tools that make a financial statement to be reliable and enhance the quality of financial information. Defond and jiang (2016) believe that abnormal audit fee indicates the extra future effort of auditor which may increase the quality of accounting information. Also, it can indicate future litigation risks that relate to the low quality of accounting information. Literature review shows there are different findings about the relationship between abnormal audit fee and financial reporting quality; therefore, this research intend to investigate about the relationship between abnormal audit fee and financial reporting quality in detail in the emergency market like Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE(. Hypotheses According to confirmation theory and audit fee pressure theory, we expect there is a relationship between abnormal audit fee and financial reporting quality. Thus, the research hypothesis is as follow: H1: jump in abnormal audit fee has significant effect on financial reporting quality. H2: long-term abnormal audit fee has significant effect on financial reporting quality. Method A good research plan is acquired for an answer to the research question and test of hypothesis so for this purpose, we use a panel data analysis method by estimating ordinary least square model based on a sample of 86 non-financial companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period 2008-2016. For analyzing data, we use Eviews and Stata software. For testing of our research hypothesis, we use of clton and.. (2016) models which is: Results The research finding shows there is a positive and significant effect of jump at abnormal audit fee on financial reporting quality. Moreover, results show long-term abnormal audit fee has a positive and significant effect on financial reporting quality. Discussion and Conclusion The main purpose of this research is investigation of the effect of the abnormal audit fee on the financial reporting quality. The main theory of this effect is based on confirmation and audit fee pressure theory. Our findings show that in the companies with the high abnormal audit fee the quality of financial reporting is increased. Jump of abnormal audit fee has effect on the financial reporting quality. These findings consist of the other research as Blankly et al (2012) and lobo and zhao (2013).

https://jaa.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4991_cf01857e4205a25f90a7a3dfb849cf77.pdf

Shiraz University Journal of Accounting Advances 2008-9988 10 2 2019 01 21 A Study of the Structure and Framework of Scientific Articles in International Accounting Journals A Study of the Structure and Framework of Scientific Articles in International Accounting Journals 251 282 5030 10.22099/jaa.2018.28730.1683 FA Mohammad Namazi Proffesor in Accounting, Shiraz University Mohammad Mohammadian Ph. D. Student in Accounting, Shiraz University Zeynab Mehtari Ph. D. Student in Accounting, Shiraz University Journal Article 2018 03 07 Introduction The purpose of this paper is to examine the framework of scientific articles in international accounting journals to access the commonly used method of accounting research. In this regard, a conceptual framework for components of the structure of scientific articles was presented, using the library method. Research Hypotheses Considering the theoretical foundations of the desirable structure of a research paper and the literature of research, the main question is whether the articles published in accounting journals follow the desirable structure of a scientific research paper? Thus two hypotheses are presented: Hypothesis 1: The structure of scientific accounting research papers is consistent with the desirable structure of a scientific research paper. Hypothesis 2: There is a significant difference between the structures of scientific articles in international accounting journals with different degrees. Methods The conceptual framework for components of the structure of scientific articles was presented, using the library method. In the next step, the structure of 643 articles between 2009 and 2017 and among 78 international accounting journals with varying degrees, were performed, using content analysis and the structure of accounting articles were adapted with conceptual framework according to statistical tests. Results The results showed that, generally, the structure of accounting articles is in accordance with the structure prescribed in the research method for a scientific article, and only two parts of the theoretical framework and suggestions are not consistent with desirable characteristics of a scientific article. In addition, the results showed that 37 and 36 percent of the articles don't have the section of “suggestions and constraints”. In contrast, 75, 94 and 93 percent of the articles have the desired characteristics of title, resources and introduction. Finally, the ranking of the journals was determined using quartile and the results were compared. Discussion and Conclusion After determining journal's rank, using quartile, the results were compared. The results of this section showed that the main structure of articles in different journals is not different, but there is a difference between the characteristics of the abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical framework and findings. Introduction The purpose of this paper is to examine the framework of scientific articles in international accounting journals to access the commonly used method of accounting research. In this regard, a conceptual framework for components of the structure of scientific articles was presented, using the library method. Research Hypotheses Considering the theoretical foundations of the desirable structure of a research paper and the literature of research, the main question is whether the articles published in accounting journals follow the desirable structure of a scientific research paper? Thus two hypotheses are presented: Hypothesis 1: The structure of scientific accounting research papers is consistent with the desirable structure of a scientific research paper. Hypothesis 2: There is a significant difference between the structures of scientific articles in international accounting journals with different degrees. Methods The conceptual framework for components of the structure of scientific articles was presented, using the library method. In the next step, the structure of 643 articles between 2009 and 2017 and among 78 international accounting journals with varying degrees, were performed, using content analysis and the structure of accounting articles were adapted with conceptual framework according to statistical tests. Results The results showed that, generally, the structure of accounting articles is in accordance with the structure prescribed in the research method for a scientific article, and only two parts of the theoretical framework and suggestions are not consistent with desirable characteristics of a scientific article. In addition, the results showed that 37 and 36 percent of the articles don't have the section of “suggestions and constraints”. In contrast, 75, 94 and 93 percent of the articles have the desired characteristics of title, resources and introduction. Finally, the ranking of the journals was determined using quartile and the results were compared. Discussion and Conclusion After determining journal's rank, using quartile, the results were compared. The results of this section showed that the main structure of articles in different journals is not different, but there is a difference between the characteristics of the abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical framework and findings.

https://jaa.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5030_09f4e96b49787973f71822235c39059d.pdf

Shiraz University Journal of Accounting Advances 2008-9988 10 2 2019 01 21 Development of Audit Services Pricing Model Development of Audit Services Pricing Model 283 318 4990 10.22099/jaa.2018.27523.1650 FA Meysam Noshadi Accounting department, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, iran Vali Khodadadi Associate Professor of Accounting, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Sayed Ali Vaez Associate Prof in Accounting., Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran Ali Hosein Hoseinzadeh Associate Professor of Social Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Journal Article 2017 12 12 Introduction The study of factors affecting audit fee is of great significance in terms of its impact on audit quality. Audit fee is effective in proper planning and implementation of financial audit. Accordingly, the prerequisite for audit quality is to receive sufficient fee. Simunic (1980) designed a model for audit services pricing for the first time. In this study, factors such as size, complexity (number of branches and type of activity), and risk (variety of activities) of client have statistically been determinants for audit fee. Since Simunic’s seminal article was published, several studies have strived to design models to describe the deviation in the level of audit fee paid by companies. Empirical models of audit fee generally consider fee as a function of working hours spent. The common factors in all previous studies are size, complexity and risk of employer’s company. These models show a high explanatory power and have been powerful factors in determining audit fee in different samples, countries, and time periods (Menon, & Williams, 2001). Therefore, due to the fact that, first, attention to other factors has not been considered in the studies including the conditions relating to the audit profession, cultural and environmental factors, and some features of audit firm and client, second, major studies are limited to the audit market of countries such as United States, UK, and Australia, and little attention has been paid to audit services in other countries, a deep study and extraction of a comprehensive and integrated audit fee model is essential in Iran. Research Question This research seeks to introduce new factors influencing audit fees and ultimately provide the effective factors in the form of a model. Accordingly, the present study seeks to answer the research question of what the appropriate model for audit fee is. Methods In this research, given the purpose of the study, grounded theory method has been used. In this study grounded theory method was used in order to get a deep understanding of the issue and to accomplish all the factors and processes of determining audit fee from the perspective of experts and presenting a data-based model. The data were collected and coded through interviews and voice recording. Unstructured interview was used as a data collection method. The samples were selected using purposive sampling technique. Purposive sampling continued until we reached the theoretical saturation of the data which led to the selection of 15 partners of Trusted Audit Institutions of the Stock Exchange, 2 members of Iranian Association of Certified Public Accountants, 4 financial managers, and 2 Managing Directors of the Companies Accepted in Stock Exchange. In the present study, Strauss and Corbin (1998) triple coding, which includes open, axial and selective coding, has been used. Results In the present study, all the factors affecting audit fee from the perspective of the supplier and the applicant for these services and professional and environmental conditions have been analyzed and extracted. Causal conditions have been raised at each of these levels. Due to the fact that audit fees at each level (supplier, applicant, and profession, and community) are affected by a variety of factors, in order to comprehensively examine the issue of audit fee action strategies, intervening factors and the consequences at each of the levels mentioned were investigated and the context condition in the country was also described for audit fee. According to the results and model presented, the size of the audit firm, the degree of observance of the Code of Ethics, the value (worthiness) of the work for the client, and the attributes and credibility of managers and partners were recognized as the most important factors at the level of audit firm. Furthermore, size, risk, demand of quality, the purpose of the client for auditing, and effective corporate governance were the most important factors at the level of the client. In addition, the perception of key users and stakeholders from auditing, attitudes and characteristics of policy makers and decision makers, and the formulation of effective rules and regulations were the most important factors at the level of profession and environmental conditions. If appropriate strategies are adapted and proper context at the macro-level and audit profession including the provision of economic substrate, market, and the power of supervisory institutions on audit firms, and the constructive interaction of these institutions with the government and lawmakers are provided, it will lead to obtain reasonable audit fee. The set of these factors, together with the consequences of reasonable audit fee, constitute the model of the audit fee Conclusion The results of this study indicate that some of the components of the model extracted in this research, on which studies have already been carried out, are almost consistent with the literature. However, in this model, certain factors and variables have been accentuated and some other factors have been added to the previous models. Categories such as the purpose of the client for auditing, the demand of quality, the existence of effective corporate governance, and the type of the systems established in the firm at the level of client, the degree of observance of codes of ethics, the attitudes and characteristics of managers and partners, the existence of different units in the firm, the value of work for the client, providing timely information to the client, the credibility and validity of the firm and partners at the level of audit firm, and the perception of stakeholders and key users of the audit, the attitudes and characteristics of policymakers and decision makers, the formulation of effective rules and regulations, size and market concentration, and the risk of legal claims in Iran at the level of users, professional and environmental conditions are the most important achievements of this research that are considered as increasing knowledge along with the concepts related to each category, dimensions, and characteristics of each concept. Introduction The study of factors affecting audit fee is of great significance in terms of its impact on audit quality. Audit fee is effective in proper planning and implementation of financial audit. Accordingly, the prerequisite for audit quality is to receive sufficient fee. Simunic (1980) designed a model for audit services pricing for the first time. In this study, factors such as size, complexity (number of branches and type of activity), and risk (variety of activities) of client have statistically been determinants for audit fee. Since Simunic’s seminal article was published, several studies have strived to design models to describe the deviation in the level of audit fee paid by companies. Empirical models of audit fee generally consider fee as a function of working hours spent. The common factors in all previous studies are size, complexity and risk of employer’s company. These models show a high explanatory power and have been powerful factors in determining audit fee in different samples, countries, and time periods (Menon, & Williams, 2001). Therefore, due to the fact that, first, attention to other factors has not been considered in the studies including the conditions relating to the audit profession, cultural and environmental factors, and some features of audit firm and client, second, major studies are limited to the audit market of countries such as United States, UK, and Australia, and little attention has been paid to audit services in other countries, a deep study and extraction of a comprehensive and integrated audit fee model is essential in Iran. Research Question This research seeks to introduce new factors influencing audit fees and ultimately provide the effective factors in the form of a model. Accordingly, the present study seeks to answer the research question of what the appropriate model for audit fee is. Methods In this research, given the purpose of the study, grounded theory method has been used. In this study grounded theory method was used in order to get a deep understanding of the issue and to accomplish all the factors and processes of determining audit fee from the perspective of experts and presenting a data-based model. The data were collected and coded through interviews and voice recording. Unstructured interview was used as a data collection method. The samples were selected using purposive sampling technique. Purposive sampling continued until we reached the theoretical saturation of the data which led to the selection of 15 partners of Trusted Audit Institutions of the Stock Exchange, 2 members of Iranian Association of Certified Public Accountants, 4 financial managers, and 2 Managing Directors of the Companies Accepted in Stock Exchange. In the present study, Strauss and Corbin (1998) triple coding, which includes open, axial and selective coding, has been used. Results In the present study, all the factors affecting audit fee from the perspective of the supplier and the applicant for these services and professional and environmental conditions have been analyzed and extracted. Causal conditions have been raised at each of these levels. Due to the fact that audit fees at each level (supplier, applicant, and profession, and community) are affected by a variety of factors, in order to comprehensively examine the issue of audit fee action strategies, intervening factors and the consequences at each of the levels mentioned were investigated and the context condition in the country was also described for audit fee. According to the results and model presented, the size of the audit firm, the degree of observance of the Code of Ethics, the value (worthiness) of the work for the client, and the attributes and credibility of managers and partners were recognized as the most important factors at the level of audit firm. Furthermore, size, risk, demand of quality, the purpose of the client for auditing, and effective corporate governance were the most important factors at the level of the client. In addition, the perception of key users and stakeholders from auditing, attitudes and characteristics of policy makers and decision makers, and the formulation of effective rules and regulations were the most important factors at the level of profession and environmental conditions. If appropriate strategies are adapted and proper context at the macro-level and audit profession including the provision of economic substrate, market, and the power of supervisory institutions on audit firms, and the constructive interaction of these institutions with the government and lawmakers are provided, it will lead to obtain reasonable audit fee. The set of these factors, together with the consequences of reasonable audit fee, constitute the model of the audit fee Conclusion The results of this study indicate that some of the components of the model extracted in this research, on which studies have already been carried out, are almost consistent with the literature. However, in this model, certain factors and variables have been accentuated and some other factors have been added to the previous models. Categories such as the purpose of the client for auditing, the demand of quality, the existence of effective corporate governance, and the type of the systems established in the firm at the level of client, the degree of observance of codes of ethics, the attitudes and characteristics of managers and partners, the existence of different units in the firm, the value of work for the client, providing timely information to the client, the credibility and validity of the firm and partners at the level of audit firm, and the perception of stakeholders and key users of the audit, the attitudes and characteristics of policymakers and decision makers, the formulation of effective rules and regulations, size and market concentration, and the risk of legal claims in Iran at the level of users, professional and environmental conditions are the most important achievements of this research that are considered as increasing knowledge along with the concepts related to each category, dimensions, and characteristics of each concept.

https://jaa.shirazu.ac.ir/article_4990_256a68e6ea9280152927b6e4c2ed0c17.pdf